20101231

Guidelines for Process Reengineering

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The Guidelines for Process Reengineering summarize key ideas about process improvement and reengineering assorted from numerous books and articles...

Guidelines for Effective Process Re-Engineering
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Rethinking global financial systems
A radical rethink of the structure of the global financial markets and greater cooperation of the major regulatory bodies are paramount, said the heads of major financial institutions at the World Knowledge Forum in Seoul.


Speaking at the World Knowledge Forum, Douglas Feagin, head of Goldman Sachs’
financial institutions group for Asia, believes that reforms of the financial services sector
are crucial in restarting economic growth in the US, Europe and the rest of the world.



Douglas Feagin
Douglas Feagin
Pointing to the bubbles in key asset classes, “unclearly unsustainable” leveraging in the financial systems, and poorly understood and managed derivative securities, Feagin says: “We are going to have to have a change across all these areas – the asset price bubbles, deleveraging and reform of the fundamental securities markets – in order to have a basis to restart economic growth.”
Meanwhile, fears of a global recession continue to weigh heavily on financial markets around the world, even as many individual countries – such as Australia, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia – have announced new financial and regulatory measures to shore up their financial systems and currencies, and boost confidence...


 

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20101225

The Ethics of Goldman SHARK

Goldman Sachs and Abacus 2007-AC1: A Look Beyond the Numbers
 
Goldman Sachs is the Wall Street mega-firm whose money-making prowess leaves many impressed, envious or suspicious. Now the firm's reputation is on the line, as it fights a fraud suit brought by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission over a single deal in 2007, the sale of a complex "synthetic collateralized debt obligation" called Abacus 2007-AC1. The deal lost investors $1 billion but produced $1 billion in profits for Goldman's collaborator, Paulson & Company, a hedge fund betting the housing bubble would collapse. Experts at Wharton and elsewhere analyze the financial, legal and ethical issues raised by a case that has riveted both Wall Street and Main Street. 


http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/index.cfm?fa=viewArticle&id=2481&specialId=106

Eight Great Innovative Tools

The Envelope, Please: From Eight Great Innovative Tools, Which Ones Are the Winners?
 

Ramping up customer satisfaction, maximizing the effectiveness of human capital and repairing supply chains were just a few of the ambitious aims of the ground-breaking "tools" entered in the Wipro-Knowledge@Wharton Innovation Tournament, whose final round of judging took place on March 23 in Philadelphia. Eight finalists, selected from among 120 entries, presented their concepts to a panel of judges during the event. We present the final eight and announce the three competitors who came out on top. 

http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4470

 

When is this bubble in China going to burst?

China's Property Bubble: Can It Be Deflated Safely, or Will It Burst?

China is likely in the midst of a real estate bubble, according to faculty from Wharton and the Guanghua School of Management, who spoke during a joint symposium held at Peking University in Beijing on March 10. “Clearly, in China there are cautionary signs,” said Wharton real estate professor Susan M. Wachter, who also spoke about the fragility of the U.S. market and the need for a new regulatory approach. During his talk, Guanghua finance professor Xinzhong Xu noted, “The more difficult question that nobody can answer is: When is this bubble going to burst?” 


http://www.knowledgeatwharton.com.cn/index.cfm?fa=article&articleid=2194&languageid=1

A New Breed: Middle East Women Entrepreneurs

How Women Entrepreneurs Are Driving Business in the Middle East
 

Whether they are princesses, lawyers or executives, women in the Middle East and North Africa are building a strong presence for themselves as entrepreneurs. In countries such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Jordan, among others, they are creating new jobs for women and men in fields ranging from luxury goods to exports. Still, several cultural and legal challenges remain, according to experts from Wharton and elsewhere.



http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/arabic/article.cfm?articleId=2445&language_id=1

Will Unemployment Prolong the Economic Crisis? the Spanish Experience



Spain in 2010: Will Unemployment Prolong the Economic Crisis?
Because it holds the presidency of the European Union for the first half of this year, Spain is at least nominally responsible for leading the trading bloc out of the current financial crisis. However, the economic situation in Spain is now worse than for many of its fellow members, and the outlook for 2010 is bleak. The country has become “the sick man of Europe” after six or seven consecutive quarters of negative growth and galloping unemployment that is practically double the European average. This, along with a high public deficit, will be among its biggest challenges for the New Year.
http://www.wharton.universia.net/index.cfm?fa=viewArticle&id=1830&language=english



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IBM Selection - Actionable Insights


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20101220

How deadly are Price wars?

Price wars

Excerpt


Price wars have racked industry after industry in recent years: from personal computers to airlines, from grocery retailing to computer software, from cigarettes to frozen diet dinners, from automobile tires to disposable diapers. All too often, there are no winners—and few healthy survivors. The destruction such battles cause can be so severe and linger so long that the only reliable way to come out ahead is to avoid them altogether.
No company, however well run, is immune from price wars. The threat is real—and universal. No company, however well run, is immune. Even companies with superior overall strategies and exceptional execution can destroy themselves by not managing this make-or-break issue effectively. After all, most price wars start by accident, through some apparently trivial misreading or misjudgment of market conditions. Rare is the price war that is initiated as a deliberate competitive tactic—and rarer still the one that achieves a satisfactory outcome.
Recent price wars raise four topics that we want to explore:


How much should you charge for a new product?

Pricing new products

Companies habitually charge less than they could for new offerings.



pricing new products article, product market value position, Retail & Consumer Goods

How much should you charge for a new product?

Charge too much and it won't sell—a problem that can be fixed relatively easily by reducing the price.

Charging too little is far more dangerous: a company not only forgoes significant revenues and profits but also fixes the product's market value position at a low level.


And as companies have found time and again, once prices hit the market it is difficult, even impossible, to raise them. In our experience, 80 to 90 percent of all poorly chosen prices are too low.

Companies consistently undercharge for products despite spending millions or even billions of dollars to develop or acquire them. It is true that businesses and private consumers alike are demanding more for less; the prices of personal computers, for example, have been pushed downward despite their higher processor speeds and additional memory. Global competition, increased pricing transparency, and lower barriers to entry in many of the most attractive industries have contributed to the trend. But these are not the only problems. Many companies want to make a quick grab for market share or return on investment, and with high prices both objectives can be harder to achieve...

How versatile is your pricing strategy?

Do you have a long-term pricing strategy?

Actively pricing products across their life cycle is vitally important, particularly in innovation-intensive industries. Failing to do so may forego potential profits or even destroy value.



long-term pricing strategy article, new-product prices, Retail & Consumer Goods


According to this article, industries can suffer when companies fail to grasp the importance of pricing products or services across the life cycle, particularly in innovation-intensive sectors such as consumer electronics and consumer durables, IT hardware and software, medical devices, and pharmaceuticals. That’s especially true today. Companies introduce products more regularly, with life cycles often measured in months, not years. There’s external pressure for low prices from customers expecting more for less and internal pressure from the belief that pricing is a make-or-break factor when products launch. And a company may have a number of related products in the marketplace simultaneously, which complicates their life cycle pricing.
Two points are essential to price effectively throughout the life of a product or service....

The commodity crunch in consumer packaged goods

The commodity crunch in consumer packaged goods

Packaged-goods companies have been socked by rising commodity prices. Executives in other industries can learn from their experience.

rising commodity prices in consumer packaged goods article, passing on commodity prices to consumers, Retail & Consumer Goods
For almost 40 years, the US consumer goods sector was among the safest of havens for investors. It rewarded them with annual returns well above the market average—second only to those of the energy sector—and in a bumper period from 1985 to 2002 outperformed the S&P 500 index by almost 20 percent annually. Since then, the sector has barely outpaced the index, despite persistent attempts by companies to find winning strategies. While inadequate cost controls and a failure to deliver significant value from a wave of mergers and acquisitions haven’t helped, one factor is the dominant culprit for the current malaise: the industry’s response to changing commodity prices.
Losing control
From 1985 to 2002, consumer-packaged-goods companies regularly passed on to consumers increases in the price of inputs (including aluminum, cereals, oil, and paper) while holding the line on prices when raw-material costs declined. In this way, these companies maintained profit margins when input costs rose and enjoyed expanding margins when they fell. In fact, we estimate that between 1996 and 2002, the strategy of passing on commodity price increases was responsible for two-thirds of net margin expansion in the sector, or roughly $10 billion in value.
The tables turned in 2002. From that year until 2007, industry players passed on price increases of just 15 percent as cumulative commodity costs grew by 40 percent (exhibit). As a result, we estimate that the failure to pass on commodity price increases was responsible, during that period, for 75 percent of the sector’s margin contraction, which cost about $70 billion.1
A return to the days of passing commodity price increases on to consumers won’t come easily. The structural shifts that dampened the industry’s pricing power remain: consumers are increasingly value conscious, and large discounters still dominate the retail landscape. These retailers, using detailed analysis of data available from their point-of-sales systems and shopper research, today have a sophisticated understanding of the prices they want and of their ability to demand those prices.
The net result is that the industry continues to face downward pressure on prices. Some of the solutions aren’t complicated, but they are extremely difficult to implement and probably hold lessons for companies—in sectors ranging from consumer electronics to industrial chemicals to medical devices—currently facing an unfavorable and volatile environment for raw-material costs and pricing.
Regaining the initiative
Many economists and financial-market forecasters believe that continued price volatility amid a general rise in commodity prices is likely as the world economy recovers, so companies across many sectors may easily destroy value in the years ahead. Suppose that in consumer packaged goods, commodity prices increase by about 20 percent during the next five years, and companies hold prices constant in a quest to maintain market share. In that case, up to 4.5 percentage points of margin could be lost—or about 33 percent of current earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA). Avoiding this fate will require iron-willed pricing resolve, which may be richly rewarded if the environment turns slightly more favorable. If commodity prices fall by 5 percent in the next five years but companies hold product prices steady, for example, we estimate that industry margins will increase by around 1 percentage point, and EBITDA will jump by 8 percent, reversing the current trend.
Conceiving, developing, and marketing category-changing products that consumers crave has long been the lifeblood of leading consumer-packaged-goods companies—and, for that matter, a priority for companies in a great many industries. An important question for all is how to capitalize on the opportunity that such innovations present to reset prices upward across relevant product categories, as P&G managed to do when the company introduced its Swiffer cleaning product.2 Capitalizing on innovations isn’t easy. But in an industry like packaged goods, it’s probably critical for companies that aim for a financially sustainable innovation pipeline, for consumers who seek a steady stream of new products that satisfy new needs, and for retailers that hope to benefit from greater demand for new and existing products.

About the Authors
Richard Benson-Armer is a director in McKinsey’s New Jersey office, Peter Czerepak is an associate principal in the Boston office, and Tim Koller is a principal in the New York office.

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Journal of Management Excellence: Creating Value, Part II


Journal of Management Excellence: Creating Value, Part II





Creating value is the most important objective of every organization, but it is also the hardest to define. In part two of this series, Oracle's newsletter takes another look at the many different ways to create value.


Inside:
  • World-Class EPM Drives More Than Twice The Shareholder Return (Tom Willman)
  • Commentary: Creating Value By Doing More With Less (Thomas Oestreich)
  • The First Oracle Enterprise Performance Management Index Reveals Modest (Steve Walker)
  • Achievement of Management Excellence (Steve Walker)
  • Guest Commentary: Closing The Loop (Wayne Eckerson)
  • Uncertainty Management: The Source of All Management Value (Jim Franklin)
  • Managing Stakeholder Value With Analysis Chains (Tony Politano)
  • Building the Business Case For Return on Enterprise Performance Management Investment (Ron Dimon)
  • Industry Insights (Mark Conway)
     

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    Journal of Management Excellence: Creating Value

    Journal of Management Excellence: Creating Value



    Creating value is the most important objective of every organisation, but it is also the hardest to define. Oracle takes a look at the many different ways to create value.


    Inside:
    • Connect Enterprise Performance Management Processes to Drive Business Value (Ivo Bauermann)
    • Commentary: If You Are Ready, Now Is the Time! (John Kopcke)
    • The Need for Profitability Management (VJ Lal)
    • Commentary: The Complete Value of an Enterprise Performance Management System (Thomas Oestreich)
    • Centraal Boekhuis: Creating Value by Delivering Business Intelligence as a Service (Emiel van Bockel)
    • Commentary: The Overinstrumented Enterprise (James Taylor)
    • True Value Index: A Measure for Sustainable Business Success (Frank Buytendijk)
    • Industry Insights (Mark Conway)


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    Are you a good leader? Take this Leadership Test


    Leadership Self Examination

    If you’re looking to benchmark your leadership ability the following self examination by Mike Myatt, Chief Strategy Officer, N2growth will give you a baseline to build from. While this test is not as detailed as more comprehensive assessments, I have nonetheless found it to be fairly thorough. That said, any self exam is only as good as the honesty of those taking the test. If you check your ego at the door and give a thoughtful, introspective evaluation of your ability, it is likely that you’ll learn something about your leadership abilities or lack thereof. Better yet, for those of you bold enough to place yourself under what might be the harsh scrutiny of others, you can get the benefits of a mini leadeship 360 review by asking your co-workers to rate you as a leader. If you’re game to test your leadership ability read on to take the exam…
    The examination is broken down into 10 sections, each worth 10 points. If you believe you possess a fully developed competency in a section give yourself 10 points. If you possess no competency whatsoever give yourself 0 points. Grade your examination as follows:
    • 90 – 100 points = A
    • 80 – 89 points   = B
    • 70 – 79 points   = C
    • 60 – 69 points   = D
    • 59 & below        = F
    As I mentioned above, use the results of the exam to determine your strengths and weaknesses as a leader. If you find that you lack skill sets and competencies in certain areas seek out mentors and coaches to shore-up your weaknesses, and more importantly, use your professional advisors to assist you in leveraging your strengths. On with the exam….


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    How to use Sales Benchmarking to Drive Performance




     'Making the Number: How to use Sales Benchmarking to Drive Performance'  
    by Greg Alexander, Aaron Bartels and Mike Drapeau - Penguin 2008


     The authors contest that Sales Benchmarking can drive profits and positively impact each business function within the organization.
    The authors provide a five step action plan to guide you through implementing Sales Benchmarking along the lines of two concepts: The concept of 'The Formula for Sales Success' and the 'Sales Management Maturity Model Scale'.
     
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    20100812

    Thinking Ahead Insights: Managing the present from the future




    Managing the present from the future


  • Assemble a critical mass of key stakeholders.



    1. Many more than just the top 8 to 10 leaders.
    2. Should include key technologists and leading process engineers.
    3. Group should be sufficiently diverse to ensure conflict, which will get issues on the table so they can be resolved.
    4. Have to decide how it's going to happen.

  • Do an organizational audit to generate a complete picture of how the organization really works.



    1. Understand the competitive situation.
    2. Reveal barriers to moving from "as is" to the future.
    3. Core values.
    4. Key systems.
    5. Strategic assumptions.
    6. Core competencies, etc.

  • Create urgency.



    1. A threat that everyone perceives, but no one is willing to talk about, is most debilitating to an organization
    2. Book of Five Rings � Japanese guide for samurai warriors. Written four centuries ago, directs the samurai to visualize his own death in the most graphic detail before going into battle. Idea being, once you have experienced death, there is not a lot left to fear: one can then fight with abandon.
    3. This helps explain the value of discussion about not changing and the dire consequences to a company in a difficult business situation.

  • Harnessing contention.



    1. Conflict jump-starts the creative process.
    2. Most companies suppress contention.
    3. Control kills invention, learning and commitment.
    4. Emotions often accompany creative tension, and they are often unpleasant.
    5. Intel plays rugby; your ability at Intel to take direct, hard-hitting disagreement is a sign of fitness.
    6. Many excellent companies build conflict into their designs.

  • Induce organizational breakdowns that foster out-of-the-box thinking and solutions.



    1. Breakdowns should happen by design, not accident.
    2. In trying to manage back from the future, concrete tasks will have to be undertaken; continuing on the current path will not get you there. Often you don't know how to make these tasks occur. This will generate breakdowns, which can generate out-of-the-box thinking and solutions, if the situation is managed/lead correctly. Continuous open dialogue is key to working through breakdowns.
    3. Setting impossible deadlines is another way to encourage breakdowns and out-of-the-box thinking
      Insights from: "The Reinvention Roller Coaster: Risking the Present for a Powerful Future." By Tracy Goss, Richard Pascale and Anthony Athos.









    8 Steps to summon the Leadership power to make the impossible happen




    The power to make the impossible happen.


    1. As a leader your source of success in the past is probably preventing you from making the impossible happen now. You must re-invent yourself, put past success at risk to make the impossible happen.
    2. "I define this advanced level of power as the ability to take something that you believe could never come to pass, declare it possible, and then move that possibility into a tangible reality."
    3. She claims there is a set of theories and methods for learning to make the impossible happen, and that these can be taught.
    4. Reinventing yourself does not imply that something is wrong with you; it's a process that takes you to a new place, to unfamiliar and unknown territory.
    5. Executive re-invention is primarily an ontological journey. Ontology is a branch of philosophy concerning the nature of reality and different ways of being.
    6. If you are going to re-invent your organization, then in order to succeed, you must first re-invent yourself. (Note: This is an alternate strategy to Kotter, where re-invention occurs when a different type leader takes over. None of Kotter's success stories seems to have re-invented themselves.)
    7. Goss uses the analogy of a Navy SEAL and corporate leaders. The green recruit, despite being among the top 1% of officers in Navy, needs considerable training to take on the impossible missions assigned the SEALs. Similarly, the top 1% of leaders in organizations when they get to the top, are not prepared to take on the impossible; they need training.
    8. Transformational change is an oxymoron. "Transformation" is a function of altering the way your being, to create something that is currently not possible in your reality. "Change" is a function of altering what you are doing, to improve something that is already possible in your reality.
      1. To transform yourself, you must transform your context, that is, the way you think, talk and act.
      2. "Language is the only leverage for changing the context of the world around you. This is because people apprehend and construct reality through the way they speak and listen."
      3. "By learning to uncover the concealed aspects of your current conversations and learning to engage in different types of conversations, you can alter the way you are being, which, in turn, alters what's possible."
     Insights from The Last Word on Power: Executive Re-invention for Leaders Who Must Make the Impossible Happen. By Tracy Goss.
     
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    The 7 stages of leadership re-invention


    The seven stages of leadership re-invention.

    1. Uncovering your winning strategy: learning to understand what has really created your current level of success.
    2. Experiencing the limits of the universal human paradigm at work in your actions. The universal human paradigm colors all choices, decisions and actions. Simply stated, it says: "There is a way that things should be, and when they are that way, things are right. When they're not that way, there is something wrong with me, with them, or with it." This paradigm is inherited simply by being brought into a group or culture.
    3. Learning to put everything at risk: becoming willing to operate with no guarantee you will succeed, with your eyes wide open to the high odds of failure and the accompanying consequences.
    4. Inventing a new master paradigm that provides you with a new source of power: making a series of declarations that constitute a new master paradigm (Similar to personal vision).
    5. Inventing an impossible game to play: making bold promises in a game you have chosen to play
    6. Breaking the addiction to interpretation: every problem and dilemma is seen through the way it contributes to your invented future, rather than through filters from the past.
    7. Operating beyond the limits of your winning strategy: building the capacity to bring about your "impossible future."

    Insights from The Last Word on Power: Executive Re-invention for Leaders Who Must Make the Impossible Happen. By Tracy Goss.

     
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    Re-invention is not changing what is, but creating what isn't



  • "The Reinvention Roller Coaster: Risking the Present for a Powerful Future." 







  • By Tracy Goss, Richard Pascale and Anthony Athos.






  • The authors contest:

      1. Re-invention is not changing what is, but creating what isn't.  A butterfly is not more or a better caterpillar, it is a completely different animal.
      2. Incremental change is not enough for many companies today. These companies need to re-invent themselves.
      3. "When a company reinvents itself, it must alter the underlying assumptions and invisible premises on which its decisions and actions are based." In other words, it must change its context along the following lines of reasoning:
        1. The first step is for a company to uncover its hidden context. A company is only going to do this when it is threatened, losing momentum or eager to break new ground.
        2. "The journey to reinvent yourself and your company is not as scary as they say it is; it's worse," says Mort Meyerson, chairman of Perot Systems. You do it only out of the conviction that the only way to compete in the future is to be a totally different company.
        3. Shifts in context can only occur when there is a shift in being. Nordstrom's is used as an example. Their way of being is summarized as "Respond to Unreasonable Customer Requests." Those that have tried to copy Nordstrom's have not understood their fundamental way of being and have failed.
        4. A declaration from a leader, like Sir Colin Marshall's pronouncement that British Airways would be "the world's favorite airline" (when, at the time, it was one of the worst), does a couple of things:
            1. Creates possibility
            2. Stimulates interest and commitment
        5. A declaration is different from a vision statement, which provides a more elaborate description of the desired state and the criteria against which success will be measured.
        6. Key to re-invention is the re-invention of the leader
       
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      How pervasive is the issue of culture and change?



      "There is nothing more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct, or more uncertain in its success than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things." 

      Niccolo Machiavelli

       In the book "Corporate Culture: Removing the Hidden Barriers to Team Success"  the authos Jacalyn Sherriton and James Stern, contest that corporate culture change is needed for successful implementation of formal teams.


    • Corporate culture is defined by four elements.


      1. Ritualized patterns of beliefs, values and behaviors.
      2. Management environment created by management styles, philosophies, what is said, done and rewarded.
      3. Management environment created by systems and procedures.
      4. Written and unwritten norms and procedures.

    • The authors believe that you can make a direct assault on culture change differing with Kotter, Heskett and Schein.

    • The book describes successful change in subcultures when top-level support was either absent or sporadic.


      1. They feel that each major functional organization such as marketing or R&D has its own subculture, as do divisions and other large units of the organization.
      2. Subcultures are influenced by the overall corporate culture, but subcultures are never the same as the overall culture.
      3. There is much more freedom to change a subculture than is commonly realized or acted upon


    • So how perasive is the issue of culture and change? 

    •  The authors carried out a survey of 100 companies and found that:


      1. 15% had been involved with a merger.
      2. 22% had been acquired.
      3. 41% had formed alliances.
      4. 78% were increasing the utilization of teams.
      5. 95% were involved in at least one of these initiatives that culture impacts significantly.
      6. Only 51% of respondents felt that their organization understood the need to address culture issues in making these changes.
      7. Only 31% of respondents felt their organization had the skills and knowledge to address organizational culture issues.
      8. Only 36% had assessed the culture and identified changes needed.
      9. But 56% (highest) had plans for training to address culture change.

      However regarding the pervasiveness of culture and change we ought to bear in mind the following:  
        1. Senior managers trying to implement teams continue to act individually: they are concerned about control over the teams and concerned that consensus decision making is too time consuming. They often set a very bad example, for example, by protecting their turf.
        2. Team members are typically not used to working in teams. They often are uncomfortable and lack the communication skills to make the teams work effectively.
        3. Introduction of teams while downsizing or facing threats of downsizing creates forces that are antithetical to teams.
       
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      How to Add your Twitter account to LinkedIn


      LinkedIn Co-founder Reid Hoffman and Twitter Co-founder Biz Stone conclude that their sites go together like chocolate and peanut butter.



      Join LinkedIn and Twitter Accounts



      Join your accounts and all sorts of wonderful things happen. Paint a broader picture of your professional ideas by making your Twitter ID appear right on your LinkedIn profile.

      To add your Twitter account, visit “Edit My Profile” and click “Add Twitter account” next to the Twitter field. Twitter will ask you to verify your account name and password. Once the account is verified, you’ll be asked how you’d like to share your tweets on LinkedIn (see below). Note that once your accounts are joined, you can change this setting at any time by clicking “Edit” next to your Twitter account name.
      Note that in order to send tweets from Twitter to LinkedIn, your Twitter account must be set as public.

      P.S. Make sure the “Protect my tweets” box is not checked in your Twitter Settings.
      Add your Twitter account to LinkedIn

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      20100811

      How blue are the oceans? The Starwood experience




      Robyn Pratt, Starwood
      Robyn Pratt, Starwood
      An INSEAD article In search of blue oceans: The Starwood experience asks:

      Are companies using Blue Ocean Strategy to search for ‘uncontested market space’ and, if so, how?

      One group which has been exploring blue ocean thinking for the past three years is Starwood Hotels and Resorts.
      Jens Meyer

      In conjunction with Meyer, the company has developed a process through which employees are trained in Blue Ocean Strategy, effectively focusing on non-customers, before being given three to four months to apply the methodology. Projects are then proposed to the senior operating team at a so-called ‘Visual Strategy Fair’; black belts or master black belts then put together a business case to present those projects to the senior leadership team for a decision on whether to implement these.   




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